Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of the Moatize and N'Condédzi coalfields, Zambezi Karoo Basin of Mozambique: Implications for provenance, sediment dispersal and basin evolution

Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of the Moatize and N'Condédzi coalfields in the Zambezi Karoo Basin of Mozambique provides key insights into the regional provenance, sediment dispersal pathways and basin evolution. Borehole cores from the two coalfields reveal a stratigraphy spanning the early Roadian (middle Permian) to the Carnian (Upper Triassic). The Permian sandstones of the Moatize Coalfield (MC) yield three detrital zircon populations, with ages ranging from 1150 to 950 Ma, 900–780 Ma and 650–490 Ma. In contrast, the Permian sandstones of the N'Condédzi Coalfield (NC) have only one population, which ranges from 1150 to 950 Ma. During the Permian, the provenance area for the NC was the Tete-Chipata Terrane and Malawi Complex (1150–950 Ma) to the north-northeast. In the MC, the detrital zircon populations of the early lake delta depositional setting (Roadian to Wordian) indicate a main provenance in the Zambezi Belt (900–780 Ma) located to the south of the MC, with minor sourcing from the Nampula Block (1150–950 Ma and 650–490 Ma) to the east. The transition from a lake delta to an alluvial depositional setting is attributed to a major tectonic event in the MC, which involved the formation of a braided channel belt. Sandstones from this braided channel belt yield three detrital zircons populations (650–490 Ma, 900–780 Ma and 1150–950 Ma), indicating provenance from both the Zambezi Belt and the Nampula Block. The overlying sandstones in the MC show only a minor population from the Zambezi Belt (900–780 Ma), implying a shift in provenance to the Nampula Block that was likely induced by tectonics. The absence of detrital zircon populations of 900–780 Ma and 650–490 in the Permian sandstones of NC implies that the two coalfields were not connected during the mid to late Permian. It is likely that an intra-rift horst (the Mesoproterozoic Gabbro-Anorthosite Tete Suite) separated the two coalfields. The Lower Triassic sandstones of the NC yield a main detrital zircon population indicating provenance from the Tete-Chipata Terrane and Malawi Complex (1150–950 Ma). A minor population at 650–490 Ma is linked to increased aridity at the Permian – Triassic boundary, which caused expansion of the watershed across the Tete-Chipata Terrane and the Malawi Complex. The Upper Triassic sandstones in the NC yield a 1150–950 Ma detrital zircon population, indicating provenance from the Tete-Chipata Terrane and Malawi Complex and a return to the source-to-sink conditions seen in the mid to late Permian. • The Permian Moatize Coalfield show three detrital zircon subpopulations at 1150–950 Ma, 900–780 Ma, and 650–490 Ma. • Detrital zircon spectra in the Permian N'Condédzi Coalfield define a unimodal population at 1150–950 Ma. • Sediment source regions were proximal and located in the Pan-African and Mesoproterozoic mobile belts adjacent to the coalfields. • The absence of 900–780 Ma and 650–490 Ma detrital zircon populations in the N'Condédzi Coalfield, suggests that these two Karoo sub-basins were not interconnected.