Education level and the incidence of heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation

Abstract Background Education level is an important socioeconomic factor affecting the incidence, symptoms, and treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite this, data on the association between education level and the incidence of major AF consequences – heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and stroke – are limited. Aim To investigate the association between education level and the risk of HF, AMI, and stroke in patients hospitalized with AF. Methods This retrospective cohort study is based on data generated by crosslinking of several Swedish national registries. All patients hospitalized between 1998 and 2003 with a diagnosis of AF were included. The relative risk for incident HF, AMI, and stroke were assessed according to education level categories during a 5–year follow–up. Education levels were categorised as primary, secondary, and academic. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, time of AF diagnosis, and the variables of Charlson´s Comorbidity Index were used to estimate the relative risk of the examined outcomes. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used as estimate of associations and statistical significance level was 5%. Results The study included 263,172 patients (56.2% male; mean age 72.5±10.4 years). There was a statistically significant dose-dependent association between education level and the risk of AMI and HF in both sexes. Compared to primary education, the HR for AMI was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85-0.93) for secondary education and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.65-0.78) for academic education in women; and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.94) for secondary education and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.71-0.80) for academic education in men. The relative risk for HF was similar, with HRs of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93-1.00) for secondary and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77-0.87) for academic education in women, and HRs of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90-0.96) for secondary and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72-0.80) for academic education in men. Patients with academic education had a significantly lower risk for stroke compared to those with primary education (HR 0.77 (95% CI: 0.71-0.84) in women; HR 0.84 (95% CI: 0.79-0.90) in men), while patients with secondary education did not have a significantly different relative risk for stroke compared to those with primary education. Conclusion Secondary and academic education levels were associated with a significantly lower risk of HF and AMI in both women and men with AF compared to primary education. Furthermore, academic education was associated with a lower risk of stroke. In conclusion, , higher education levels were associated with a lower 5-year risk of HF, AMI, and stroke compared to primary education