Study on the Method of Vineyard Information Extraction Based on Spectral and Texture Features of GF-6 Satellite Imagery

Accurately identifying the distribution of vineyard cultivation is of great significance for the development of the grape industry and the optimization of planting structures. Traditional remote sensing techniques for vineyard identification primarily depend on machine learning algorithms based on spectral features. However, the spectral reflectance similarities between grapevines and other orchard vegetation lead to persistent misclassification and omission errors across various machine learning algorithms. As a perennial vine plant, grapes are cultivated using trellis systems, displaying regular row spacing and distinctive strip-like texture patterns in high-resolution satellite imagery. This study selected the main oasis area of Turpan City in Xinjiang, China, as the research area. First, this study extracted both spectral and texture features based on GF-6 satellite imagery, subsequently employing the Boruta algorithm to discern the relative significance of these remote sensing features. Then, this study constructed vineyard information extraction models by integrating spectral and texture features, using machine learning algorithms including Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Random Forests (RFs). The efficacy of various machine learning algorithms and remote sensing features in extracting vineyard information was subsequently evaluated and compared. The results indicate that three spectral features and five texture features under a 7 × 7 window have significant sensitivity to vineyard recognition. These spectral features include the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), while texture features include contrast statistics in the near-infrared band (B4_CO) and the variance statistic, contrast statistic, heterogeneity statistic, and correlation statistic derived from NDVI images (NDVI_VA, NDVI_CO, NDVI_DI, and NDVI_COR). The RF algorithm significantly outperforms both the NB and SVM models in extracting vineyard information, boasting an impressive accuracy of 93.89% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.89. This marks a 12.25% increase in accuracy and a 0.11 increment in the Kappa coefficient over the NB model, as well as an 8.02% enhancement in accuracy and a 0.06 rise in the Kappa coefficient compared to the SVM model. Moreover, the RF model, which amalgamates spectral and texture features, exhibits a notable 13.59% increase in accuracy versus the spectral-only model and a 14.92% improvement over the texture-only model. This underscores the efficacy of the RF model in harnessing the spectral and textural attributes of GF-6 imagery for the precise extraction of vineyard data, offering valuable theoretical and methodological insights for future vineyard identification and information retrieval efforts.