Advances in treatment strategies for non–clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Renal cell carcinoma is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and the tenth in women, with clear cell renal cell carcinoma accounting for nearly 75% of cases. The remaining 25% consists of non–clear cell renal cell carcinoma, a diverse and less prevalent group. Although current treatments for clear cell types are well-defined, progress in treating non–clear cell renal cell carcinoma has been limited owing to its heterogeneity and rarity, relying primarily on findings from small-scale phase II clinical trials. This review examined recent advancements in the treatment of non–clear cell renal cell carcinoma, particularly in the areas of immunotherapy and targeted therapy.