Interaction of nanoparticles and reactive oxygen species and their impact on macromolecules and plant production

Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a potent tool for enhancing crop growth and improving agricultural output in the face of global population expansion. However, their application can induce an oxidative state in plants, impacting crop yield. This review evaluates the impact of NPs on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), macromolecules, and overall plant performance. Primarily, one of their key effects is the induction of oxidative stress in plants, which alters cellular function and defense mechanisms. Excessive ROS can harm cellular components resulting in cell death. Thus, preserving a delicate equilibrium between ROS production and scavenging is pivotal for cellular redox status. Although high NP concentrations can be detrimental, lower levels can contribute positively to cellular functions and signaling by generating low levels of ROS. Consequently, it is crucial to employ appropriate nanoparticle concentrations to uphold this balance and enhance plant productivity. • Uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) in plants may pose a toxicity risk. • NPs increase the production of ROS, which can damage cellular components and lead to their death. • High ROS concentrations damage lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA, and carbohydrates. • Low concentrations of ROS play a role in cellular functions and signaling. • Using the right NP concentrations is crucial for maintaining ROS balance and boosting plant productivity.