Formation of the upper chambers of parliaments in Federal States: comparative research

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the formation of the upper chambers of parliaments in twenty federal states. The dependence of the representation of the subjects of a federation in the upper chamber on the method of formation of the latter is noted. There are four main ways. The influence of the method of forming the second payment on the degree of communication between senators and the subjects of the federation is shown. The article substantiates the position that this connection is the strongest in cases when the subjects of the federation themselves delegate their representatives to the upper chamber. It is argued that there is no linear relationship between the method of formation of the upper chamber and the scope of its powers. The latter depends on the institutionalization, which is based on the political interests of the ruling groups.