Roads and Woody Vegetation Structure Are Associated With Chimpanzee (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) Occurrence at Its Northern Range Limit

ABSTRACT Aim The purported defining features of chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) biogeography are sometimes simplistic and contradictory, yet we rely on these metrics to shape conservation and management planning for this endangered ape. We analysed the cover and configuration of woody vegetation at the northern margins of the species' range in Senegal to elucidate key predictors of chimpanzee biogeography. Location Southeastern Senegal. Taxa Western chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes verus ). Methods We combined reconnaissance surveys and interviews with published accounts of chimpanzee presence to verify previous estimates of the range limits of the species. High‐resolution, multispectral satellite images were used to quantify the configuration of trees and shrubs at each site. Woody vegetation cover and physiognomy, river density and road density were compared within and outside of the species range with generalised linear mixed models. Results Our surveys and interviews support the current estimates of the northern limits of the species range. Chimpanzee‐occupied sites had more patchily‐distributed vegetation, greater patch edge complexity, and slightly higher river density than unoccupied sites. Unoccupied sites had more woody vegetation cover and higher road density. Of all predictors, roads had the highest impact on chimpanzee occupancy. Main Conclusions In line with previous findings, anthropogenic modifications of the landscape had a strong impact on chimpanzee occupancy, but surprisingly, woody vegetation cover was negatively associated with chimpanzee occupancy in this region. Instead, more specific metrics of vegetation configuration were positively associated with chimpanzee site occupancy, indicating that precise measures are needed for assessing chimpanzee biogeography at the landscape scale.