Inter‐Individual Variability in Muscle Fiber–Type Distribution Affects Running Economy but Not Running Gait at Submaximal Running Speeds

Running economy is an important determinant of endurance running performance, yet insights into characteristics contributing to its inter-individual variability remain limited. Although slow-twitch muscle fibers are more energy-efficient than fast-twitch fibers during the (near-)isometric contractions common during submaximal running, current literature lacks a consensus on whether a relationship between muscle fiber-type distribution and running economy exists. This study aims to resolve the ongoing debate by addressing potential confounding factors often overlooked in prior research, such as the effect of different running speeds, the homogeneity of investigated groups, and the potential impact of the adopted running gait. We selected two groups with predetermined distinct muscle fiber-type distribution in their triceps surae muscle by measurement of carnosine via ¹H-MRS, one predominantly slow (ST; n = 11; carnosine z-score = -1.31) and the other predominantly fast (FT; n = 10; z-score = 0.83). Across a range of running speeds (2-4 m/s), we measured running economy (W/kg) through indirect calorimetry, along with running kinematics, kinetics and muscle activity of the lower limb. The ST-group exhibited, on average, 7.8% better running economy than the FT-group (p = 0.01) and this difference was consistent across speeds. Both groups demonstrated almost identical kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity patterns across submaximal running speeds. Overall, our findings indicate that distinct muscle fiber-type distribution explains some of the observed variability in running economy, for which a predominance of energy-efficient slow-twitch fibers appear beneficial. In contrast, muscle fiber-type distribution does not affect running gait substantially.