Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Clinical Manifestations and Consequences

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) significantly impacts the quality of life in children, affecting their physical and mental health. The pathophysiology involves a complex interaction between anatomical factors (such as enlarged tonsils, adenoids, and structural abnormalities) and obesity, along with neuromuscular compensations. Clinical manifestations include loud snoring, breathing pauses, restless sleep, unusual sleeping positions, and frequent awakenings. OSA can lead to enuresis, growth impairment, poor academic performance, and neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties. Long-term consequences are cardiovascular morbidity, metabolic dysfunction, and neurocognitive impairment. Many studies have explored these associations and the impact of adenotonsillectomy. This review provides an overview of clinical manifestations and consequences of OSA, aiming to enhance diagnosis and treatment strategies for pediatric OSA.