Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: Insights into Wild-Type Variants and Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy

Transthyretin (TTR) cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive condition characterized by amyloid fibril deposition in the heart, leading to heart failure. This review focuses on insights into wild-type (ATTRwt) and familial (ATTRm) variants of TTR amyloidosis. The pathophysiology involves TTR tetramer destabilization, monomer misfolding, and amyloid fibril formation. Therapeutic advances, including TTR stabilizers like tafamidis and Diflunisal, and gene-silencing agents such as patisiran and inotersen, show promise in managing the disease. Despite these advancements, early diagnosis remains challenging, and side effects of current therapies necessitate the development of safer, more effective treatments. Future research should focus on novel therapies, improved diagnostic methods, and personalized treatment strategies to enhance patient outcomes. This review underscores the importance of continued innovation and collaboration in tackling TTR cardiac amyloidosis.