A Pareto Optimization-based Multipath Routing Protocol for E-VANET

Recently, due to increasing the number of rechargeable battery-based electric vehicles around the world, a new style of vehicular networks called electrical vehicular ad hoc networks (E-VANET) has emerged.However, In addition to the vehicle's battery limitation; E-VANET suffers from several challenges.First, forwarding the data via electric vehicles with a low level of residual energy affects the lifetime and stability of vehicles and routes.Second, selecting a route with a large number of hops consumes a lot of vehicle energy.Third, due to the mobility of electric vehicles; the built routes are destroyed frequently and must be corrected with a high amount of consumed energy.One of the efficient solutions for these issues is selecting a set of the shortest routes that have intermediate vehicles with maximum residual energy.This paper formulates the routing problem as a Pareto optimization problem to do a tradeoff between maximizing the residual energy and minimizing the number of hops in the selected paths.Moreover, a new residual energy and hop count-based multipath routing protocol for E-VANET called EHMRE is proposed.EHMRE depends on the Pareto optimization model to select a set of paths with a minimum number of hops and contain vehicles with maximum residual energy.It aims to reduce the number and effect of frequent route correction processes and enhance energy consumption and path stability.The simulation showed that first, in terms of PDR, EHMRE results are about 13%, 6%, and 10% improvement with various numbers of vehicles and about 12%, 5%, and 7% improvement with different velocities compared with DMRV, ACOPSO, and RMRUV, respectively.Second, EC of EHMRE with various numbers of vehicles is approximately 29%, 33%, and 36%, while with different velocities, it is about 23%, 27%, and 30% less than DMRV, ACOPSO, and RMRUV, respectively.Third, in terms of dead vehicles, EHMRE produces about 73%, 77%, and 80% reduction with various numbers of vehicles and presents about 71%, 75%, and 77% reduction with different velocities compared with DMRV, ACOPSO, and RMRUV, respectively.