Fabricated <i>Fusarium</i> species‑mediated nanoparticles against Gram‑negative pathogen (Review)

Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit a broad spectrum of highly efficient activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm effects.With the rapid increase in antibiotic resistance, Gram-negative pathogens have become particularly resilient against antibiotics, posing a significant challenge to public health.Numerous studies have demonstrated that NPs possess substantial antimicrobial properties.The present review focuses specifically on the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using Fusarium and their notable antibacterial activity against Gram-negative pathogens.The antibacterial potential of metal-based nanoparticles is attributed to several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, protein dysfunction, and membrane and DNA damage, all of which contribute to microbial cell destruction.By summarizing the importance of NPs and various methods for their preparation, the present review highlights the promising role of Fusarium-derived NPs in combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Contents1. Introduction 2. Fusaria as a key element for the construction of nanoparticles 3. Characterization of nanoparticles 4. Fusaria nano-weapons against Gram-negative pathogens 5. Effect of Fusaria nanoparticles 6.Conclusion and future perspectives