Immersed boundary method for dynamic simulation of polarizable colloids of arbitrary shape in explicit ion electrolytes

We develop a computational method for modeling electrostatic interactions of arbitrarily shaped, polarizable objects on colloidal length scales, including colloids/nanoparticles, polymers, and surfactants, dispersed in explicit ion electrolytes and nonionic solvents. Our method computes the nonuniform polarization charge distribution induced in a colloidal particle by both externally applied electric fields and local electric fields arising from other charged objects in the dispersion. This leads to expressions for electrostatic energies, forces, and torques that enable efficient molecular dynamics and Brownian dynamics simulations of colloidal dispersions in electrolytes, which can be harnessed to accurately predict structural and transport properties. We describe an implementation in which colloidal particles are modeled as rigid composites of small spherical beads that tessellate the surface of the particle. The electrostatics calculations are accelerated using a spectrally accurate particle-mesh-Ewald technique implemented on a graphics processing unit and regularized such that the electrostatic calculations are well-defined even for overlapping bodies. We illustrate the effectiveness of this approach with a comprehensive set of calculations: the induced dipole moments and forces for individual, paired, and lattice configurations of spherical colloids in an electric field; the induced dipole moment and torque for anisotropic particles subjected to an electric field; the equilibrium ion distribution in the double layer surrounding charged colloids; the dynamics of charged colloids; and the behavior of ions in the double layer of a polarizable colloid under the influence of an electric field.