Criminalising looting in wartime: International and national experiences

The relevance of this research topic is conditioned by the increasing number of cases of looting during armed conflicts, which requires the improvement of legal mechanisms for criminalising this act. Even though looting is recognised as a war crime at the international level, there are significant differences in approaches to its criminalisation and the determination of liability for such acts in national legal systems. This creates the risk of ambiguous interpretation of legal norms in judicial practice and complicates the administration of justice. The purpose of this study was to analyse the global and national experiences with the criminalisation of looting during armed conflicts, using the cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sierra Leone, and Ukraine, as well as to formulate recommendations for improving Ukraine’s national legislation in this area. The study employed the methods of comparative legal analysis, formal legal analysis, and case law analysis. The study compared the criminal law provisions and approaches of different countries to the prosecution of pillage, specifically the concepts of “military necessity” and “spoils of war”. The findings of the study showed that the absence of clear legal definitions and criteria for assessing “military necessity” and “gravity of the violation” complicates prosecution for this crime and creates risks of abuse. The study revealed major differences in approaches to the criminalisation of looting, particularly in determining the scope and conditions of liability. The practical value of this study lies in its recommendations for harmonising Ukrainian legislation with international standards. It was suggested that a separate law be drafted to define the mechanisms for criminalising looting during armed conflicts, to establish clear criteria for assessing military necessity, and to unify approaches to judicial practice. This will help to increase the effectiveness of investigations and prosecutions of this type of war crime and strengthen Ukraine’s legal framework in armed conflict