Ganga, GAP, and lockdown: potential threats to the biodiversity of the river

ABSTRACT The Ganges River holds a vital status within India as a cornerstone of the nation's ecological and socio-economic fabric. Flowing through diverse terrains like the Himalayas, Gangetic plains, and coastal regions, it fosters an incredibly rich biodiversity, supporting a myriad of life forms ranging from microorganisms to mammals. Beyond its ecological significance, the river sustains the livelihoods of millions, contributing significantly to the economy of northern India. However, rampant human development over recent decades has posed grave threats to its well-being. Pollution from sewage and industrial waste has tainted its waters with heavy metals, posing risks of bioaccumulation and magnification within aquatic life. Infrastructure projects like dams and bridges disrupt natural habitats and impede the migration of aquatic species, further jeopardising the river's ecological balance. Despite these challenges, there have been glimmers of hope, particularly noted during the COVID-19 lockdown when industrial activities ceased, offering the river a temporary reprieve. Moving forward, effective measures are imperative, including reducing industrial and domestic effluent discharge, scrutinising sources of heavy metal contamination, and prioritising the restoration of the river's natural flow. Preserving the Ganges’ ecological integrity is paramount, necessitating concerted efforts to ensure its health and vitality for future generations.