Archeozoological materials of the settlement of the golden horde time Podymalovo–1

The article presents the results of an archaeozoological study of osteological materials collected during 2022 excavations at the Podymalovo-1 settlement. The settlement dates back to the Golden Horde period and lays in Ufimsky District, the Republic of Bashkortostan. The analysis of the animal species range, the anatomical spectrum of their bones, age and size of slaughtered animals, traces of pathological changes in their bones suggests a reconstruction of the main economic activities of the settlement's inhabitants. It is found that domestic ungulates at Podymalovo-1 were used by farms in multiple ways. The population kept cattle, small ruminants and horses. Cattle breeding was associated with dairy and meat production, while horses were mainly used for farm work. Livestock was kept until mature. It can be explained through their lifetime use to obtain milk, wool, or help. The monument shows traces of leather production and bone carving. Animal bones were used as raw materials for bone items and tools. Beef and horse meat dominated in the settlement residents' diet. Probably, as they consumed horse meat mostly, and never had pork as their meat, they acquired associ- ated ethnic and cultural traditions and religious prohibitions. Determining the season when domestic ungulates were slaughtered showed that people lived there all year round, while livestock was slaughtered more often in warm seasons than in cold ones. The settlement’s life was the most intense in summer and autumn presumably because Podymalovo-1 residents actively interacted with passing trade caravans.