<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> macrophage migration inhibitory factor shows anti– <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> potential via AZIN1/STAT1 interaction

<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (MTB) is a pathogenic bacterium, belonging to the family <i>Mycobacteriaceae</i>, that causes tuberculosis (TB). <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> macrophage migration inhibitory factor (TgMIF), a protein homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, has been explored for its potential to modulate immune responses during MTB infections. We observed that TgMIF that interacts with CD74, antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) modulates endocytosis, restoration of mitochondrial function, and macrophage polarization, respectively. These interactions promote therapeutic efficacy in mice infected with MTB, thereby presenting a potential route to host-directed therapy development. Furthermore, TgMIF, in combination with first-line TB drugs, significantly inhibited drug-resistant MTB strains, including multidrug-resistant TB. These results demonstrate that TgMIF is potentially a multifaceted therapeutic agent against TB, acting through immune modulation, enhancement of mitochondrial function, and dependent on STAT1 and AZIN1 pathways.