Bacterial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using various waste carbon sources

Synthetic plastics are in great demand in society due to their diversified properties, but they cause environmental pollution due to their non-biodegradable nature. Therefore, synthetic plastics are in need to be replaced with biodegradable plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), bacterial biopolymers are natural alternative to synthetic plastics. These are present inside the bacterial cytoplasm in granular form. Presently, the production cost of PHA is high due to expensive carbon substrates used in its biosynthesis. Therefore, this study focuses on the cost-effective production of PHA using waste carbon sources. Rice bran and sugarcane molasses were used as the carbon source for PHA production from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Alcaligenes</i> sp. and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. PHA production from these bacterial strains was confirmed through Sudan Black-B screening. With rice bran, as carbon source, the highest PHA yield obtained was for <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, which yielded 93.7% and lowest was 35.5% for <i>B. cereus</i>. Surprisingly, <i>B. cereus</i> produced the highest cell dry mass (0.045 g/L) but its extracted PHA contents were lowest being only 0.02 g/L. <i>Alcaligenes</i> sp. with 0.031 g/L CDM yielded 87.1% PHA. <i>B. subtilis</i> had a CDM 0.029 g/L, 0.02 g/L PHA content and a yield of 69.10%. In the case of sugarcane molasses, <i>P. aeruginosa</i> produced 95% PHA yield, 0.02 g/L CDM, and 0.019 g/L PHA content. <i>Alcaligenes</i> sp. yielded 90.9% PHA, 0.011 g/L CDM, and 0.01 g/L PHA content. <i>B. subtilis</i> produced 91.6% PHA yield, 0.012 g/L CDM, 0.011 g/L PHA content; <i>B. cereus</i> produced 80% PHA yield, 0.015 g/L CDM, 0.012 g/L PHA content at 37 °C, pH 7. Higher concentrations of carbon sources increased the CDM and decreased the PHA yield. The maximum yield of PHA was obtained from sugarcane molasses. 24-48 h of incubation was optimal for <i>B. subtilis</i> and <i>B. cereus,</i> while for <i>Alcaligenes</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> incubation time of 48-96 h was desirable for higher PHA yield. The extracted biopolymers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which identified the extracted biopolymers as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate P(3HB). The thermal properties of the extracted biopolymers, such as melting temperatures, were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which confirmed the thermal stability.