Advanced Digital Technologies in the Post-Disaster Reconstruction Process—A Review Leveraging Small Language Models

Post-disaster reconstruction of the built environment represents a key global challenge that looks set to remain for the foreseeable future, but it also offers significant implications for the future sustainability and resilience of the built environment. The purpose of this research is to explore the current applications of advanced digital/Industry 4.0 technologies in the post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) process with a view to improving its effectiveness and efficiency and the sustainability and resilience of the built environment. The extant research literature from the Scopus database on built environment reconstruction is identified and described. In a novel literature review approach, small language models are used for the classification and filtering of technology-related articles. A qualitative content analysis is then carried out to understand the extent to which Industry 4.0 technologies are applied in current reconstruction practice, mapping their applications to specific phases of the PDR process and identifying dominant technologies and key trends in technology deployment. The study reveals a rapidly evolving landscape of technological innovation with transformative potential in enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability of rebuilding efforts, with dominant technologies including GIS, remote sensing, AI, and BIM. Key trends include increasing automation and data-driven decision-making, integration of multiple Industry 4.0/digital technologies, and a growing emphasis on incorporating community needs and local knowledge into reconstruction plans. The study highlights the need for future research to address key challenges, such as developing interoperable platforms, addressing the ethical implications of using AI and big data, and exploring the contribution of Industry 4.0/digital technologies to sustainable reconstruction practices.