Modern Models of Referenceand Bibliographic Services in National Libraries of Europe

The article is based on a report presented by the author at a meeting of the Bibliography and Information and Bibliographic Services Section during the 28 Annual Conference of the Russian Library Association (Kazan, May 21, 2024) and is devoted to the evolution of reference and bibliographic service models in national libraries in Europe. The author examines the main approaches to the organization of reference and bibliographic services, characterizes the most common functional and organizational models and provides examples of their practical implementation in libraries. It is noted that the traditional model of reference and bibliographic services, which assumes that the interaction between the user and the librarian takes place at a stationary point of service — the reference bureau, is seriously criticized. The author comes to the conclusion that the search for an “ideal” model of reference and bibliographic services that meets the requirements of the digital age is an urgent problem.