Analogy of spacetime as an elastic medium — Estimation of a creep coefficient of space from space data via the MOND theory and the gravitational lensing effect — the ball cluster — and via time data from the GPS effect — comparison, discussion and im

After recalling the principles that allow spacetime to be considered by analogy as an elastic medium, we show how the modified gravity according to the MOND theory concerning the anomaly of the velocities of stars at the periphery of galaxies can be seen as a creep of space acting on the radius of galaxies that give a creep coefficient of [Formula: see text]. The values vary between 0.2 and 9 depending on the type of galaxy and density distribution. Considering the gravitational lensing effect of the ball cluster we obtain a creep coefficient [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] the percentage of visible matter and [Formula: see text] the percentage of dark matter from the global mass ([Formula: see text]). The values vary between 0.66 and 4 for this cluster. This paper therefore raises the question, via these creep coefficients, of the possible granular nature of the vacuum and therefore of space fabric on the one hand and proposes another dark matter-free approach based on the creep of the texture of space to explain gravitational anomalies on the other hand.