Graphene oxide in low concentrations can change mitochondrial potential, autophagy, and apoptosis paths in two strains of invertebrates with different life strategies

Nanoparticles, like graphene oxide (GO), are particles with unique physiochemical properties that enable their wide application in various areas of life. The effects of GO on individual cell organelles like mitochondria and the effects of interactions are worth investigating, as they can activate multiple cellular processes, such as autophagy or apoptosis. Mitochondrial injury plays an essential role in the majority of cell death routines. In the project, we investigated cell health status measured as mitochondrial inner membrane depolarization, autophagy, and apoptosis induction during long-term GO administration in food (0.02 μg g^-1 and 0.2 μg g^-1 of food). Two unique Acheta domesticus strains that differ in life strategy were used: wild-type and long-lived at three different life stages (larva, young adult, mature adult). The changes in mitochondrial trans-membrane potential were marked in the wild-type strain. The autophagy was lower in all GO-treated groups in both strains, and the apoptosis was lower in both strains in the mature adult crickets. Low GO concentrations treatment for the whole life, despite mitochondrial dysfunction, may lead to inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle for the duration of repair, and other repair tools are involved in the process of restoring homeostasis.