Risk factors for decreased bone mineral density in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density that leads to low-energy fractures. Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which occurs mainly in young people (16–35 years), may be one of the causes of impaired bone remodeling. Given the high prevalence of osteoporosis in young patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, it is important to identify early predictors of the development of osteoporosis. AIM: To evaluate risk factors for decreased bone mineral density in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma receiving pathogenetic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study included 63 patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma and 30 healthy volunteers who served as controls. All participants completed a questionnaire to identify common and specific risk factors for osteoporosis. Common risk factors included sex, age, body mass index, history of fractures in the patient and immediate family, use of hormone replacement therapy, proton pump inhibitors, corticosteroids, comorbidities, amenorrhea in women, level of physical activity, and calcium intake. Specific risk factors for osteoporosis included polychemotherapy as a pathogenetic therapy for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. RESULTS: The study identified four main risk factors for the development of osteopenia/osteoporosis in young patients with Hodgkin lymphoma following pathogenetic therapy such as use of proton pump inhibitors, corticosteroids, chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea in women, and low physical activity. CONCLUSION: Methods for predicting and preventing osteoporosis have not yet been developed for young patients, as this disease is considered to be associated with old age. However, some groups of young patients are at high risk for disruption of bone microarchitecture with low-energy fractures, significantly reducing quality of life. All these factors make early detection of osteoporosis predictors important.