Evaluating overhanging slope failure mechanisms and rockfall trajectories through integrated UAV imagery and discrete element modeling

Abstract To evaluate the threat of rockfall from an overhanging slope above a bridge, this study proposes a comprehensive analysis procedure to assess the failure mechanisms of the slope and the associated rockfall trajectories. The analysis utilizes high-resolution point cloud data obtained through integrated UAV-based imagery technology, enabling a detailed evaluation of joint configurations and slope stability. The geometric reconstruction of unstable rock blocks, combined with stereographic projections, provides an in-depth analysis of potential failure modes. Discrete element modeling (DEM) is employed to simulate the failure processes and predict rockfall trajectories, with particular emphasis on the potential risks to the underlying bridge. The results indicate that rockfall events near the bridge are primarily driven by wedge-shaped failures, a finding confirmed by both the proposed inverted three-dimensional projection method and DEM simulations. The analysis identifies critical rock blocks near the bridge, underscoring the need for targeted mitigation strategies. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating UAV-derived data with DEM for assessing overhanging slope failures and managing rockfall risks in similar geological settings.