Analysis of Endophoric Reference in Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland

This study explores the references in Lewis Carroll's ‘Alice in Wonderland,' using Halliday and Hasan's method of cohesion analysis. Specifically, the present study aims to extract the story's endophoric references (anaphoric and cataphoric) as used by the main character, Alice. By using a qualitative approach, through reading and analyzing the data of Alice’s utterances, it has been revealed that they employ two aspects of reference: anaphoric and cataphoric. There are 153 anaphoric references and 116 cataphoric references. Further, both kinds of reference are divided into two types: personal and demonstrative. It is the personal references that dominate. The researchers were able to clarify the role of anaphora and cataphora in the story as a way of building up cohesiveness in the text, and further recommendations are discussed at the end of the paper.