Novel Anti‐Tumor Effect of Natural Products from <i>Aloe vera</i> Resin and their <i>In‐Vitro</i>/<i>In‐Silico</i> Targeting Mechanism of Carbonic Anhydrase‐II and IX

Human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) plays a vital role in the development and progression of tumors in hypoxic conditions. Herein we report the hCA-II and hCA-IX activities of natural products isolated from Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., to know their potential in tumors. These isolated compounds (1-10) displayed varying degrees of inhibition against hCA-II and hCA-IX. All the compounds showed potent activity against hCA-IX with IC₅₀ values in the range of 2.9-29.1 μM. While for hCA-II, compounds 1, 2, 5-10 exhibited IC₅₀ in the range of 4.7-23.4 μM. The most effective hCA IX and II inhibitors, 2 and 5, were chosen for in vitro mechanism studies, revealing that they are competitive inhibitors. Furthermore, when tested for their cytotoxic effect on BJ (normal) cell line, all the compounds showed no cytotoxic behavior, while on Prostate cancer cells (PC-3), compounds 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 exhibited significant antiproliferative activity. Molecular docking was also conducted within the hCA IX and hCA-II active sites to observe their binding capability. Compounds 1, 5, 7, and 9 were active against both isozymes of hCA and in the PC-3 cell line, therefore these are the best choices for further in vivo studies.