Developing Rhodotorula as microbial cell factories for the production of lipids and carotenoids

Amid resource shortages and environmental concerns, microbial synthesis has emerged as a promising and sustainable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis. Rhodotorula , a genus of yeasts known for producing red pigments, has gained recognition for its ability to synthesize triglycerides, phospholipids, sterol esters, polyol esters of fatty acids, β-carotene, γ-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin. Rhodotorula has garnered increasing attention as a microbial cell factory, particularly for the production of valuable lipids and carotenoids. In this study, we review the research advancements and challenges associated with Rhodotorula , covering topics such as applicable carbon sources and their utilization mechanisms, key lipid and carotenoid products, and their metabolic pathways. We also provide an overview of the available gene manipulation techniques and associated challenges. Furthermore, this study emphasized the research significance of Rhodotorula based on recent developments and explored its potential as an alternative source of natural biological products. • Overview of organic compound synthesis from various substrates using Rhodotorula . • Summary of methods and potential avenues for the genetic modification of Rhodotorula . • Prospects of research investigating Rhodotorula .