Investigation of a Double-Intra-Cavity VCSEL at Cryogenic Temperatures

Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) operating at cryogenic temperatures are developed for energy-efficient optical links due to their low power consumption and high bit rate, these devices require precise alignment of cavity resonance and peak gain at the target temperature. Understanding the junction temperature of the operating device is crucial for the design. We conducted a thermal and electrical analysis of a double-intra-cavity VCSEL specifically designed for operation at cryogenic temperatures.