A 140-GHz 40-mW Receiver with LO Generation and Phase Shifting for Beamforming Applications

This paper presents a $140-\mathrm{GHz}$ heterodyne receiver that employs an RF path with low-impedance interfaces for stability, two PLLs for low-power LO generation, and a low-frequency delay line for beamforming phase-shift operation. Fabricated in 28-nm CMOS technology, the prototype exhibits a minimum noise figure of $4.7 \mathrm{~dB}, \mathrm{LO}$ jitter of $215 \mathrm{fs}_{\mathrm{rms}}$, and a phase resolution of 7°. The single element occupies $1.1 \mathrm{~mm} \times 0.9$ mm of area and draws 40 mA of current from a $1-\mathrm{V}$ supply.