Bortezomib (BOR)‐Pegylated‐Gold Nanovector: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Evaluation and Diagnostic Tool as Galectin‐1 Biomarker

ABSTRACT In this paper, we applied an original chemical methodology in which gold salt (HAuCl 4 ) interacts with the chemotherapeutic drug (bortezomib; i.e., BOR) by chelation and then stacked with dicarboxylic acid‐terminated polyethylene‐glycol (PEG‐diacide) as a biocompatible surfactant. The suggested chemical protocol is rapid (“one‐pot”) and reproducible, providing the formation of a hybrid‐nanovector named BOR IN PEG‐AuNPs. In order to prove a therapeutic approach, our hybrid‐nanovector (BOR IN PEG‐AuNPs) interacts with Galectin‐1 (Gal‐1) protein biomarker under specific concentrations. The efficient concentration range of this nanovector is obviously profiled by tumor microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity, optimizing cells access to the interaction region. Considering several influential factors related to spatial mapping and physical profile in all extracellular matrix (ECM), drive a change in neighborhood electrical potential configuration, leading the nanovector response with biomarkers transcriptions, hence, patterning TME leads to promote antitumor immunity in favor of tumor suppression. Each step of chemical synthesis and detection was monitored by spectroscopic techniques (Raman; UV‐Vis spectroscopies) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our study demonstrated that hybrid‐nanoparticle system represents a key to further synergic chemotherapeutic and diagnostic tools for the treatment of cancer.