Rapid Destruction of Lipid Biomarkers Under Simulated Cosmic Radiation

Understanding how organics degrade under galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) is critical as we search for traces of ancient life on Mars. Even if the planet harbored life early in its history, its surface rocks have been exposed to ionizing radiation for about four billion years, potentially destroying the vast majority of biosignatures. In this study, we investigated for the first time the impact of simulated GCRs (using gamma rays) on several types of lipid biosignatures (including hopane C₃₀, sterane C₂₇, alkanes, and fatty acids [FAs]) in both the presence and absence of salts (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂). We measured that the lipids degraded 6-20 times faster than amino acids in similar conditions; moreover, when irradiated in the presence of a salt substrate, degradation was at least 4-6 times faster than without salt, which suggests that salty environments that are often preferred targets for astrobiology warrant caution. We detected radiolytic by-products only for FAs-in the form of alkanes and aldehydes. These results expand our understanding of the degradation of organic molecules in Mars analog environments and underscore the urgent need to direct rover missions to sampling sites protected from GCRs, for example, sites on Mars that have been recently exposed by a wind scarp retreat or meteoritic impact.