Toxoplasma gondii ROP5 Enhances Type I IFN Responses by Promoting Ubiquitination of STING

<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a widely spread opportunistic pathogen that can infect nearly all warm-blooded vertebrates and cause serious toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed animals and patients. However, the relationship between the host's innate immune system and effector proteins is poorly understood, particularly with regard to how effectors antagonize cGAS-STING signaling during <i>T. gondii</i> infection. In this study, the ROP5 from the PRU strain of <i>T. gondii</i> was found to promote cGAS-STING-mediated immune responses. Mechanistically, ROP5 interacted with STING through predicted domain 2 and modulated cGAS-STING signaling in a predicted domain 3-dependent manner. Additionally, ROP5 strengthened cGAS-STING signaling by enhancing the K63-linked ubiquitination of STING. Consistently, ROP5 deficient PRU (PRUΔROP5) induced fewer type I IFN-related immune responses and replicated faster than the parental strain in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the mechanism by which ROP5 regulates <i>T. gondii</i> infection and provides new clues for strategies to prevent and control toxoplasmosis.