The Associations between Asprosine, Clusterin, Zinc Alpha-2-Glycoprotein, Nuclear Factor Kappa B, and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in the Development of Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the circulating levels of asprosin, clusterin, zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in patients with T2DM in relation to microvascular and macrovascular complications. Measuring these biomarkers may provide insight into the pathophysiology of T2DM and indicate novel targets for the therapy of diabetes-related complications. Methods: A total of 260 subjects consisting of four groups: healthy controls (Group-1), T2DM patients without complications (Group-2), T2DM patients with microvascular complications (Group-3), and T2DM patients with macrovascular complications (Group-4). Results: The mean age of all subjects was 52.96 ± 6.4, 127 of whom were male. Asprosin, clusterin, and NF-κB levels were significantly higher, while ZAG and PPAR-γ levels were significantly lower in diabetic patients than healthy subjects (p < 0.01, for all). Asprosin (p < 0.01), clusterin (p < 0.01), and NF-κB (p: 0.002) levels were significantly higher and PPAR-γ (p < 0.01) level was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in Group-3 than Group-2. Asprosin (p < 0.01) and NF-κB (p: 0.011) levels were significantly higher while ZAG (p < 0.01) level was significantly lower in Group-4 than Group-2. Serum ZAG level was found lower in Group-4 than in Group-3 (p = 0.037). Further, the biomarkers presented significant correlation with biomarkers like HbA1c and HOMA-IR. It was observed that increasing serum asprosin, clusterin, and NF-κB levels and decreasing serum PPAR-γ levels were effective in the development of microvascular complications while the increased asprosin levels and decreased ZAG levels had a significant effect on the development of macrovascular complications in the binary logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: This study confirms that altered levels of asprosin, clusterin, ZAG, NF-κB, and PPAR-γ are associated with T2DM and its complications. These biomarkers reflect the pathophysiological processes of metabolic disturbance and inflammation in T2DM and, therefore, have the potential for use in targeted interventions to prevent and manage diabetes-related complications.