Cutting-edge techniques in low-temperature electrochemical water splitting: advancements in hydrogen production

Abstract This review provides a comprehensive examination of strategies aimed at advancing low-temperature electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production. It begins by exploring the significance and challenges associated with water splitting, followed by an in-depth discussion on the fundamentals of electrochemical water splitting and crucial performance indicators, including reversible hydrogen electrode potential, specific and mass activities, overpotential, Tafel slope, stability and durability, and Faradaic and energy efficiencies. The article then extensively discusses various emerging strategies, such as decoupled water electrolysis, hybrid water electrolysis (including reagent-sacrificing, pollutant-degrading, and value-added types), tandem water electrolysis, microbial electrolysis cells (covering reactor configurations, electrode materials, microbial populations, and substrates), and the application of external stimuli like ultrasonic, magnetic, and super gravity fields. Additionally, the challenges and advancements in seawater electrolysis are reviewed, with a focus on electrocatalysts, seawater electrolyzers, and future directions. Furthermore, the article addresses current challenges in electrolysis and electrolyzer development, offering perspectives on the future of these techniques. By delving into these strategies, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of clean energy technologies and the transition towards a hydrogen-based economy.