Increase in global per capita cropland imbalance across countries from 1985 to 2022: A threat to achieving Sustainable Development Goals

• The novel dataset (GLC_FCS30D) was applied to analyze cropland spatiotemporal dynamics. • Global per capita cropland and Gini index were employed to monitor the trend of imbalance. • Global cropland increased and per capita cropland decreased due to population growth. • There are spatial and temporal imbalance in global total and per capita cropland. • Growing imbalance across developing countries poses a threat to achieving SDG2. Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2, zero hunger) highlights that global hunger and food insecurity have worsened since 2015, driven in part by growing imbalance. Addressing the challenge of achieving SDG 2 in the face of rapid global population growth requires sustained attention to global and national cropland changes. Accurately quantifying the correlation between population and cropland area (i.e., SDG 2.4.1 per capita cropland) and analyzing the trends of global cropland imbalance are essential for a comprehensive understanding of SDG 2. In this study, we utilized a new global 30 m land-cover dynamic dataset (GLC_FCS30D) to analyze cropland dynamics, quantify per capita cropland and its changes across various countries and levels of development. Our results indicate that the global cropland area expanded by 0.944 million km 2 from 1985 to 2022, with an average expansion rate of 2.42 × 10 4 km 2 /yr. However, the global per capita cropland area decreased from 0.347 ha in 1985 to 0.217 ha in 2022, mainly due to a higher population increase of nearly 65 % in the same period. In the context of globalization, cropland expansion and per capita cropland exhibited spatial imbalances globally, particularly in developing countries. Developing countries saw an increase in total cropland area by 7.09 % but a significant decrease in per capita cropland area by 37.38 %. From a temporal perspective, the global imbalance has been steadily increasing with the Gini index rising from 0.895 in 1985 to 0.909 in 2022. Consequently, this study reveals an increasing imbalance of global per capita cropland across various countries, which threatens the attainment of the targets of SDG 2.