Reflection on the bicentennial of Brazil's independence in the period from 1822 until 2022

This article reflects on the international conference for the bicentenary of Brazil's independence, held in São Paulo, from the 6th to the 15th of February 2023, organized by the University of São Paulo and sponsored by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). It aimed to publicize the essence of the bicentenary of Brazil's independence, which was led by Emperor D. Pedro I, in 1822. Throughout the history of Brazil, there were two reigns, the first was that of D. Pedro the First, who succeeded his father in 1821, and the second was the reign of D. Pedro II, which began in 1840. The causes and actions that led to the abolition of slavery in Brazil. It was concluded that Brazil's independence was achieved on September 7, 1822, and was manifested by the scream on the banks of the Ipiranga river in São Paulo, by the characters who were involved together with D. Pedro I. Thus, Brazil ceased to be kingdom of Portugal. On November 15, 1889, the Federative Republic of Brazil was proclaimed, thus ending the monarchy regime.