Supply Chain Management for Electric Vehicles: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Path to Scalability

Abstract—As electric vehicles (EVs) gain momentum as a solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependence, their supply chains become increasingly complex, particularly for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are crucial for EV performance, safety, and longevity. This paper reviews existing literature on several key aspects of the EV supply chain, focusing on thermal management systems (TMS), lifecycle environmental assessments, closed- loop supply chains (CLSCs), and the impacts of global disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic. Research by Murugan et al. (2022) underscores the importance of improving TMS for LIBs, noting that experimental validation remains sparse despite advances in numerical modeling. In addition, Rüdisüli et al. (2022) highlight the environmental benefits and limitations of different mobility technologies, emphasizing the need for advancements in seasonal energy storage systems. Gu et al. (2018) discuss the challenges of establishing profitable CLSCs for EV batteries, where reuse improves sustainability, but recycling faces economic hurdles. Finally, the analysis of Wen et al. (2021) on the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact shows significant disruptions to the Chinese EV market and raises concerns about the global EV supply chain’s resilience. This review identifies gaps in the literature, such as the need for real-world validation of models, exploration of alternative battery chemistries, and improved supply chain governance, all of which are essential for advancing the EV industry toward sustainability. Keywords—Electric Vehicles, Supply Chain Management, Lithium-ion Batteries, Thermal Management Systems, Closed-Loop Supply Chains, Sustainability, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Lifecycle Assessment, Resource Dependencies, Circular Economy.