Integrated Techno-Environmental Analysis of Finely Ground Silica Sand in Sustainable Mortar Production

The environmental impacts of cement production are becoming more urgent concerns. This study examined the mechanical characteristics of cement when it is partially replaced with finely crushed sand. The experimental program consisted of three different levels of sand fineness of 459 m2/kg, 497 m2/kg, and 543 m2/kg, as well as four substitution ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. A total of thirteen combinations were formulated and then evaluated. The results demonstrated that increasing sand fineness from 459 m2/kg to 543 m2/kg substantially impacted the compressive strength (CS), increasing it by up to 30%, and increasing the substitution ratio from 10% to 40% reduced the mechanical strength by roughly 40%. An extensive techno-environmental evaluation showed that replacing cement with finely crushed sand is technically feasible and environmentally advantageous. This technique can decrease carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by around 40%, emphasizing its ecological benefits and coinciding with worldwide initiatives to decrease the environmental impact of construction materials. In summary, this study demonstrates the advantages of improving the mechanical characteristics of cement while minimizing its ecological footprint. It suggests that finely crushed sand can be used as a sustainable alternative in cement manufacturing, promoting the use of more environmentally friendly construction methods.