Process modeling and 3-stage photobioreactor design for algae cultivation and CO2 capture: A case study using palm oil mill effluent

Microalgae have advantages, including rapid growth rates, a high lipid production capacity, effective removal of nitrates and phosphates from wastewater, and efficient carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) absorption. The optimal operating conditions and strategies of microalgae cultivation can vary significantly from one goal to another. An economic approach to exploring various operating strategies is doable via microalgal process modeling and simulation. Therefore, this study aims to develop a simulation model aimed at enhancing algae growth within a photobioreactor (PBR) system designed to reduce CO 2 emissions in palm oil mills. This simulation model is constructed to explore the algae growth CO 2 capture efficiency and the influence of oxygen (O 2 ) in the water in the PBR. This study achieved a CO 2 capture efficiency of up to 60 % which represents the highest capture, and a dissolved O 2 of 20 % was achieved due to the effect of the mass transfer coefficient. Algal growth exhibited a high rate, approximately 1057 g/m 3 , which could serve as a potential pathway for biodiesel or biobutanol production. Additionally, this study underscores the significant role of the mass transfer coefficient in effectively reducing liquid O 2 levels to maximize CO 2 capture and achieve a high algae yield. Furthermore, the simulation results reveal that a high concentration of O 2 in the water promotes photorespiration, which hampers algal growth and reduces CO 2 capture efficiency. • Palm oil mill effluents (POME) are a nutrient source for microalgae cultivation. • 3-stage photobioreactor modeling via fundamental approach. • Experimental data validates the accuracy of the model. • Simulation shows energy and resource efficiencies attainable via the system.