Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer in Africa: An In-Depth Review

Prostate cancer is a major health challenge in Africa, presenting significant regional disparities in incidence and outcomes. This review provides an in-depth examination of the epidemiology of prostate cancer on the continent, considering a range of factors that influence its prevalence and management. Genetic predispositions, including mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and HOXB13, play a crucial role, with African populations displaying unique genetic variants contributing to higher incidence rates. Environmental and lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, and substance use, also impact prostate cancer risk. Traditional African diets, rich in fruits and vegetables, may offer protective benefits, while modern dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles are linked to increased risk. Socioeconomic determinants, including access to healthcare, educational attainment, and financial barriers, significantly affect diagnosis and treatment, often leading to late-stage presentations. Hormonal and biological factors, such as androgen levels and age-related changes, further influence disease development. Infections, inflammatory conditions, and occupational exposures also contribute to risk. Cultural and behavioral influences, including traditional beliefs and health-seeking behaviors, impact prevention and management strategies. The review highlights the challenges faced by healthcare infrastructure and screening programs, emphasizing the need for improved access, public awareness, and tailored interventions. Addressing these factors through comprehensive public health strategies, including enhanced screening, lifestyle modifications, and cultural sensitivity, is essential for improving prostate cancer outcomes across Africa. Keywords: Epidemiology, Prostate Cancer, Africa, Genetic, Biological factor.