Unraveling subleading twist GTMDs of proton using light-front quark-diquark model

This study investigates the subleading twist generalized transverse momentum dependent distributions (GTMDs) of a proton within the light-front quark-diquark model framework. We solve the parametrization equations for the Dirac matrix structure, yielding explicit GTMD expressions for both scalar and vector diquark configurations, leading to expressions for active <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mi>u</a:mi></a:math> and <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><c:mi>d</c:mi></c:math> quarks. This analysis addresses the multidimensional nature of GTMDs by exploring their dependencies on one or two variables while keeping others fixed. Additionally, we extract transverse momentum dependent form factors from GTMDs by integrating over the longitudinal momentum fraction <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><e:mi>x</e:mi></e:math>. The study uses three-dimensional plots to illustrate the variation of transverse momentum dependent form factors with the quark’s transverse momentum <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><g:msub><g:mi>p</g:mi><g:mo>⊥</g:mo></g:msub></g:math> and the transverse momentum transfer to the proton <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><i:mrow><i:msub><i:mrow><i:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mo>⊥</i:mo></i:mrow></i:msub></i:mrow></i:math>. Published by the American Physical Society 2024