Biosynthesized nanoparticles in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences: Recent advances

During the last decades, nanotechnology has received the deep attention of researchers and clinicians. The concept of nanotechnology and applications of nanoparticle (NP)-based devices have been outstandingly developed in a wide variety of sciences, like mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. The synthesis of NPs plays a crucial role in their performance and application, especially in biomedical sciences. NPs can be synthesized by physical, chemical, and biological approaches among which biosynthesis is considered as most efficient and useful method for the fabrication of NPs, especially metal NPs. The importance of the biosynthesis procedure is owing to its cost-effectiveness, high stability of synthesized NPs, less toxicity on living organisms, eco-friendly properties, high biocompatibility , etc. compared with two others. These NPs have a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. This review aims to provide the latest advances regarding various biosynthesis methods, biomolecular routes in biosynthesis, factors involved in biosynthesis, and pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of biosynthesized NPs, especially metal NPs. Also, the antibacterial, antifungal , antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of biosynthesized NPs along with insights for future studies are stated in this review manuscript.