Assessment of merits and demerits of perpendicular and slanted photovoltaic/thermal facades

• Slanted design captures more solar irradiance but lags in overall energy output. • Perpendicular facade produces 4–8 % more energy than slanted under similar conditions. • Perpendicular facade shows 2 % more exergy efficiency than slanted in equal states. • Slanted facade reduces wind load by 9.8%, enhancing overall structural stability. • Advanced Hybrid RANS/LES models predict complex wind interactions with PV modules. This study compares the thermal and electrical energy production potential and wind load assessment of perpendicular versus slanted photovoltaic (PV) facades. The goal is to identify the optimal facade orientation for societal adoption based on energy efficiency and wind load considerations. Using Hybrid RANS/LES models, the aerodynamic performance and energy yield of both orientations are analyzed under varying angles and environmental conditions. The findings show that while the slanted façade is better designed to capture solar irradiance, it produces 4 to 8 % less energy than the perpendicular façade and yields approximately 2 % less exergy efficiency due to wind regime. However, the slanted design reduces wind load by 9.8 %, enhancing structural stability. The maximum thermal energy output of 217 kW is recorded from the perpendicular façade at a wind speed of 1 m/s, while the slanted façade generates a peak electrical power of 68 kW at 8 m/s wind speed. Overall, the perpendicular façade underscores more efficient in equal weather conditions, making it a sustainable choice for PV installation. These results provide valuable insights for architects, engineers, and policymakers in optimizing PV facade design for urban environments.