GA-NIFS: an extremely nitrogen-loud and chemically stratified galaxy at <i>z</i> ~ 5.55

ABSTRACT We report the chemical abundance pattern of GS_3073, a galaxy hosting an overmassive active black hole at $z=5.55$, by leveraging observations from JWST/NIRSpec and Very Large Telescope/VIsible Multi-Object Spectrograph. Based on the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) emission lines, which trace high-density ($\sim 10^5~{\rm cm^{-3}}$) and highly ionized gas, we derive $\rm \log (N/O) = 0.42^{+0.13}_{-0.10}$. At an estimated metallicity of $0.2~Z_{\odot }$, this is the most extreme nitrogen-rich object found by JWST thus far. In comparison, the relative carbon abundance derived is $\rm \log (C/O) = -0.38^{+0.13}_{-0.11}$, which is not significantly higher than those in local galaxies and stars with similar metallicities. We also found potential detection of [Fe vii]$\lambda 6087$ and [Fe xiv]$\lambda 5303$, both blended with [Ca v]. We inferred a range of Fe abundances compatible with those in local stars and galaxies. Overall, the chemical abundance pattern of GS_3073 is compatible with enrichment by supermassive stars with $M_* \gtrsim 1000~M_\odot$, asymptotic giant branch stars, or Wolf–Rayet stars. Interestingly, when using optical emission lines that trace lower density ($\sim 10^3~{\rm cm}^{-3}$) and lower ionization gas, we found a sub-solar N/O ratio, consistent with local galaxies at the same metallicity. We interpret the difference in N/O derived from UV lines and optical lines as evidence for a stratified system, where the inner and denser region is both more chemically enriched and more ionized. Our results suggest that nitrogen loudness in high-z galaxies might be confined to the central, dense, and highly ionized regions of the galaxies, while the bulk of the galaxies evolves more normally.