There is no place like home – finding birth radii of stars in the Milky Way

ABSTRACT Stars move away from their birthplaces over time via a process known as radial migration, which blurs chemo–kinematic relations used for reconstructing the Milky Way (MW) formation history. To understand the true time evolution of the MW, one needs to take into account the effects of this process. We show that stellar birth radii can be derived directly from the data with minimum prior assumptions on the Galactic enrichment history. This is done by first recovering the time evolution of the stellar birth metallicity gradient, $\mathrm{ d}\mathrm{[Fe/H]}(R, \tau)/\mathrm{ d}R$, through its inverse relation to the metallicity range as a function of age today, allowing us to place any star with age and metallicity measurements back to its birthplace, R$_b$. Applying our method to a large high-precision data set of MW disc subgiant stars, we find a steepening of the birth metallicity gradient from 11 to 8 Gyr ago, which coincides with the time of the last massive merger, Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus (GSE). This transition appears to play a major role in shaping both the age–metallicity relation and the bimodality in the [$\alpha$/Fe]–[Fe/H] plane. By dissecting the disc into mono-R$_b$ populations, clumps in the low-[$\alpha$/Fe] sequence appear, which are not seen in the total sample and coincide in time with known star-formation bursts, possibly associated with the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy. We estimated that the Sun was born at $4.5\pm 0.4$ kpc from the Galactic centre. Our R$_b$ estimates provide the missing piece needed to recover the Milky Way formation history.