From Domestic Roles to Economic Independence: Analysing Women's Evolving Participation in the Labour Market

This study delves into the intricate relationship between employment and the enhanced societal and financial autonomy of women, with a particular focus on the Indian context. The investigation addresses the persistent gender discrimination in the labour market, where men predominantly occupy senior positions, and women's work is often undervalued and confined to domestic roles. This paper synthesises existing literature using a descriptive-analytical method to explore the evolving dynamics of women's participation in the labour market, identifying both the facilitating factors and ongoing constraints. The analysis reveals a significant increase in female labour force participation in recent years, as indicated by the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), with a notable rise from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23. This increase is especially pronounced among women from the Dalit community and those with vocational training, highlighting the impact of socio-economic necessity and skill development on women's labour market engagement. However, the study underscores that the family, as a primary social institution, remains a critical barrier to women's mobility, particularly in patriarchal rural societies where traditional gender roles are deeply entrenched. The findings suggest that while there have been notable improvements in women's labour market participation, achieving gender equality requires a multifaceted approach that addresses structural barriers and societal norms. Empowering women through education, economic opportunities, and supportive policies is essential for enhancing their societal and financial autonomy, ultimately contributing to broader development outcomes. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between gender, caste, and labour in Indian rural communities, providing valuable insights into the ongoing challenges and advancements in women's labour market participation.