Five Years of National Health Policy in India: Critical Analysis of the Public Health Expenditure from 2017 to 2022 and Way Forward

This retrospective study assesses the impact of India's National Health Policy (NHP) 2017 on public health expenditure and its implications for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG-3). Using secondary data analysis from government sources, we observed health budget trends relative to GDP from 2017 to 2022. The study found a marginal increase in public health expenditure from 0.9% to 1.6% of GDP, which is below the NHP's target of 2.5%. The results underscore the challenge of high out-of-pocket expenses, which remain a barrier to UHC. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the inadequacies of the current funding levels. We conclude that a substantial increase in health budget allocations is crucial for India to make significant strides toward UHC and meet SDG-3 targets. The study also calls for strategic enhancements in healthcare infrastructure and services to address the persistent gaps in healthcare delivery and financing. The findings advocate for a more aggressive approach to public health investment to ensure that quality healthcare services are accessible, affordable, and equitable for all citizens, thereby advancing India's progress toward comprehensive health coverage.