The Being and the Ought to Be of Citizenship in European Social Innovation Discourse

Social Innovation is defined as both a concept and a tool for social change that, in recent decades, has formed the backbone of numerous policies implemented by the European Commission. However, part of the academic literature identifies several limitations in the discursive potentialities presented within the institutional framework. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to examine how European social policies on Social Innovation conceptualise the ‘being’ and ‘ought to be’ of citizenship, or the subject, from a critical Foucauldian perspective, with a view to problematising its implications for the analysis of the social reality represented in these policies. To this end, a qualitative strategy employing discourse analysis and the ‘logics of critical explanation’ approach is utilised, analysing 26 institutional documents from the European Commission issued between 2010 and 2024. The findings indicate that this discursive institutional framework construes citizenship as embodying a rational, active, capable, and conscious subject, committed to solving social problems. This conception of the ‘being’ of a citizen implies a significant transformation in the ‘ought to be’ of that citizen. If citizens are deemed capable of understanding and transforming their environment, they are thereby responsible for ensuring their own well-being and equipping themselves with the necessary skills to adapt to economic change, transforming them into “neoliberal subjects” within a Foucauldian framework. This new normativity appears to naturalise the functioning of social and economic structures and their dynamics, resulting in an undialectical analysis of social realities.