Untargeted Metabolite Profiling of Wild and<i> In Vitro</i> Propagated Sabah Jewel Orchid <i>Macodes limii</i> J.J. Wood and A.L. Lamb

<i>Macodes limii</i> J.J. Wood & A.L. Lamb is a terrestrial jewel orchid native to Sabah, recognised for its sparkling golden-yellow venations, uniformly distributed on its leaves. Despite its high ornamental value, the exploration of the plant's medicinal potential remains ambiguous. The current study was conducted to gain a fundamental understanding of the metabolite composition and regulation in <i>M. limii</i> plants from two different growing environments: wild and <i>in vitro</i> cultivation, as well as to analyse their phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity. The metabolite profiling of the <i>M . limii</i> plant extracts through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis has tentatively identified compounds from various classes including sugars, carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic derivatives and lipid and lipid-like compounds. Subsequently, the multivariate statistical analysis confirmed the existence of significant metabolite variations across distinct growth environments. Notably, the leaf extract derived from wild-grown plants displayed the highest levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content, contributing significantly to its higher antioxidant activity as measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The discovery has offered a fundamental understanding of the metabolites in <i>M. limii</i> jewel orchids, indicating that <i>in vitro</i> regenerated plants may represent a viable alternative for further investigating their therapeutic potential, thus helping to alleviate the impact on wild populations.