Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tumor Suppressor p53 in p-Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA) Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Male Wistar Strains

Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for approximately 90% of all primary liver malignancies and poses a major global health challenge. The initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is marked by a progressive accumulation of molecular alterations, the origins of which remain largely unclear. This study provides an extensive immunohistochemical analysis of hepatitis, cirrhosis, and HCC using a p-Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA)-induced HCC rats model. p-Dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DMBA) is a common environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, acting as a mutagen, capable of exerting carcinogenic effects, which can be tested both in cell culture and in vivo animal models. Study Design: This study used an in vivo laboratory test method. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology and Therapy and Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, between December 2023 to July 2024. Methodology: This study used an in vivo laboratory test method. The laboratory test was in the form of a study on experimental animals, Wistar rats induced by p -Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA) treatment. Observation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in rat liver tissue samples with immunohistochemical tests of expression Tumor Suppressor p53 in tumor and non-tumor hepatocytes. Results: The results of the hypothesis test study on tumor diameter and immunohistochemical test on the expression of Tumor Suppressor p53 with ROC analysis showed that the cut off tumor diameter obtained a cutoff value of 0.5 with a sensitivity value of 1.0 and a specificity value of 1.0. The results of the ROC analysis showed that the H-score data of wild-type p53 Immunohistochemistry contained 26 samples with 7 positive HCC results and 19 negative samples. Conclusion: This study shows that in male Wistar rats p-Dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DMBA) -induced hepatocarcinogenesis can be a viable model for studying Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the future.